Individual investors struggle to identify undervalued stocks using fundamental analysis

Retail investors lack reliable frameworks to determine if a company's intrinsic value (based on assets, earnings, book value) actually indicates undervaluation versus market price. They're confused by conflicting valuation metrics and can't distinguish between genuinely cheap stocks and value traps, leading to poor investment decisions and losses. Existing financial tools either oversimplify valuation or require advanced financial expertise to interpret correctly.